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- Layers of an E-mail
- Can anyone tell if these are the layers of an e-mail, Session, Presentation, and Application layer?nopethis single layer format is because email is meant for a communication, not as a base for an application.email should only be plain text.What time...What time is your homework due in then?By the way, they...
- Tags: Application Layer, e-mail, OSI, transparentheart069@...
- Discussion threads 2005-02-14
Additional Resources
- Application-Layer Filtering in ISA Server 2004
- ISA Server 2004 is a sophisticated, application-layer aware firewall that uses a number of application filters to perform layer 7 inspection of communications moving through the firewall. ISA Server 2000 moves beyond the limitations of traditional packet-filtering firewalls to perform deep application-layer content inspection. This intelligent, application-layer filtering helps secure...
- Tags: Microsoft ISA Server, ISA Server 2004, Firewalls, Network Security, Security, Networking
- White papers 2004-06-01
- Layer 2 Extension Between Remote Data Centers - Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series Virtual Switching System and L2VPNoGRE
- Cisco recommends retaining Layer 2 domains within each data center. However to meet new application framework requirements or for migration purposes, the Enterprise may have to extend Layer 2 beyond the Data Center. If there is no Layer 3 alternative, Cisco recommends the three approaches below. These approaches allow the...
- Tags: Cisco Catalyst, Layer 2, Data Center, Cisco Systems Inc., Data Centers, Storage, Hardware, Data Management
- White papers 2008-08-01
- Application-Layer Security: What It Takes to Enable the Next Generation of Security Services
- In today's world of increasingly sophisticated cyber attacks, application-layer security threats are top of mind with many network administrators, security consultants and CIOs. The loss of network and application access can cost enterprises dearly in lost revenue and employee productivity. The security infrastructure must address the new wave of application-layer...
- Tags: Solution, Nortel Networks Corp., Security
- White papers 2005-01-13
- Secure your network with stateful inspection and application layer filtering from an ISA 2004 firewall
- Unlike traditional packet filter based stateful hardware firewalls, the ISA firewall is able to perform stateful application layer inspection, meaning it fully inspects the communication streams passed by the ISA firewall from one network to another. It analyzes and makes decisions on all layers of the communication, including...
- Tags: Network, Firewalls, Network Security, Security, Networking
- Book chapters 2007-01-30
- Cross-Layer Optimization of OFDM Systems for 4G Wireless Communications
- This paper advocates cross-layer optimization over the whole ISO/OSI protocol stack. As an example this paper refers to a system using multiple description coding at application layer combined with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing at the link level to provide robustness against hostile wireless channels. In the proposed optimization design negotiation...
- Tags: 4G, Optimization, OFDM, Wireless
- White papers 2004-08-16
- Layer 3 Switching
- This document is a map through the jungle of internetworking infrastructure, particularly focusing on how Layer 2 switching and Layer 3 routing have combined to form the powerful Layer 3 switching architecture. The document analyzes Layer 3 switching from both functional as well as an operational perspective, helping...
- Tags: Layer 3
- White papers 1998-05-01
- Multi-Layer Switching Demystified
- Multi-layer switching can be a confusing concept for students taking Cisco courses, and is only complicated further by more new terms arising, such as layer-3 and layer-4 switching. KnowledgeNet Instructor Jeremy Cioara employs concrete analogies to fully explain the concept of Cisco multi-layer switching in this article. "What is...
- Tags: KnowledgeNet, Cisco Systems Inc., KnowledgeNet Instructor Jeremy Cioara
- White papers 2001-08-01
- Layer 3 Switching: An Introduction
- This paper is a map through the jungle of internetworking infrastructure, particularly focusing on how Layer 2 switching and Layer 3 routing have combined to form the powerful Layer 3 switching architecture. The paper analyzes Layer 3 switching from both a functional and an operational perspective, helping the reader make...
- Tags: Layer 3
- White papers 1998-05-01
- Impact of Upper Layer Adaptation on End-to-End Delay Management in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks
- A good amount of research has been developed to support QoS issues in IEEE 802.11 ad hoc networks, such as QoS routing, MAC layer QoS support, and cross-layer QoS design. However, QoS solution at upper layers for real-time multimedia applications is overlooked. This paper investigates impact of the adaptation mechanisms...
- Tags: QoS, Middleware, Wireless, Layer Adaptation, Middleware Adaptor
- White papers 2006-02-03
- DDoS-Resilient Scheduling to Counter Application Layer Attacks Under Imperfect Detection
- Countering Distributed Denial of Service DDoS attacks is becoming ever more challenging with the vast resources and techniques increasingly available to attackers. This paper considers sophisticated attacks that are protocol-compliant, non-intrusive, and utilize legitimate application-layer requests to overwhelm system resources. The authors characterize application layer resource attacks as either request...
- Tags: Hewlett-Packard Co., Distributed Denial Of Service, Attack, Security
- White papers
- OSI Layers
- I am having trouble finding out in which OSI Layer does the ultimate sender and receiver of data make contact?Hi,It's been a while since I looked at the OSI, but from memory it is the session layer.Layer 5: The session layer...This layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and...
- Tags: networking, OSI, OSI Layer, srkcmk@...
- Q&A 2005-08-28
- A Measurement Study of RealMedia Streaming Traffic
- With the growing popularity of real-time audio/video streaming applications on the Internet, it is important to study the traffic characteristics of such applications and to understand their implications on network performance. This paper presents a measurement study of RealMedia streaming traffic, where the focus is both on the application-layer view...
- Tags: RealNetworks RealMedia, Network, University Of Calgary, Observation, Digital Media, Consumer Electronics, Personal Technology
- White papers
- OSI Layer-2 Encryption: Security goes one layer deeper
- Ethernet Layer 2 EncryptionI find it hard to believe this article firstly has no posts, and secondly doesn't recognise Senetas. Senetas is a pure Layer 2 vendor, who provides Layer 2 encryption hardware to SafeNet, nCipher and Thales.Senetas has Layer 2 encryptors for ATM, Sonet/SDH and Ethernet, ans all...
- Tags: Network technology, NETWORKING, OSI, security, andrew.younger@..., Senetas, Ethernet, Layer 2
- Discussion threads 2007-09-13
- OxyGen Code Generator (zip)
- Generates source code for the Data Access & Business Layers of a typical .NET application. Outputs include Stored Procedures for the Data Layer, a data provider class for the Data Access Layer along with data transfer objects. For the Business Layer, a cache is available along with the Domain Model....
- Tags: Oxygen, Code Generator, Data Access, Tech-IS
- Software downloads 2008-04-21
- Cisco networking 101: Five things you should know
- FirewallAlthough this may be beyond the scope of this article it is very important to note that there are Network Layer FirewallsThink PIXand Network Layer Firewalls with Application Layer filtering ALF technologies Think ISA Server. This is a big difference when it comes to protecting vital assets against application layer...
- Tags: additional firewall comment, Cisco Networking, Cisco networking 101, Cisco Systems Inc., digitalb, networking, This IS
- Discussion threads 2006-01-20
- QoS Perspective for Wireless Scenarios
- Generally speaking, a service is finally defined by quality parameters. In particular, telecommunications services are evaluated by a set of parameters called QoS parameters: throughput, delay, jitter, and packet loss. This paper considers that each layer parameters essentially contribute to the global QoS evaluation. QoS layered approach separates QoS aspects...
- Tags: Parameter, QoS, Network, Wireless, Networking
- White papers 2005-12-14
- Adaptation of Scalable Media at Network Layer Using Cross-Layer Information
- To build a media delivery framework that can utilize scalable media codecs for local adaptation requires intelligent adaptation functionalities. It is required to provide detailed information about the media to be forwarded not only to the application layer, but to lower layers as well. This information allows e.g. the network...
- Tags: Network, Media, Adaptation, Association For Computing Machinery, Advertising & Promotion, Networking, Marketing
- White papers 2006-09-20
- MPLS VPNs: Layer 2 or Layer 3? Understanding the Choice
- Since there's been data networking, there's been a debate between switched and routed architectures - stated in OSI terms, between performing functions at Layer 3 or Layer 2. Today, we see it again surfacing as network architects consider the design of Virtual Private Networks VPNs that take advantage of Multi-Protocol...
- Tags: MPLS VPN, Layer 2, Layer 3, MPLS, VPNs, Networking, Network Security, Telecommunications
- White papers 2002-07-05
- Implementing Network Management on ATM Interfaces
- This paper provides a single reference on how to gather network management data on an ATM interface through the use of Simple Network Management Protocol SNMP. It focuses specifically on Cisco router ATM interfaces. ATM comprises a three-layer stack: an ATM Adaptation Layer AAL, an ATM layer, and a physical...
- Tags: Network, Network Management, ATM, Network Technology, Networking
- White papers 2005-10-19
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